Manual page for SH(1)
sh - shell, the standard UNIX system command interpreter and command-level language
SYNOPSIS
sh
[
-acefhiknstuvx
] [
arguments
]
DESCRIPTION
sh,
the Bourne shell, is the standard
UNIX-system
command interpreter. It executes commands read from a terminal or a
file.
Definitions
A
blank
is a
TAB
or a
SPACE
character.
A
name
is a sequence of letters, digits, or underscores beginning with a letter
or underscore. A
parameter
is a name, a digit, or any of the characters
*,
@,
#,
?,
-,
$,
and
! .
Invocation
If the shell is invoked through
execve.2v
exec(),
see
execl.3v
and the first character of argument zero
is
`-',
commands are initially read from
/etc/profile
and from
$HOME/.profile,
if such files exist.
Thereafter, commands are read as described below, which
is also the case when the shell is invoked as
sh.
OPTIONS
The options below are interpreted by the shell on invocation only;
unless the
-c
or
-s
option is specified, the first argument is assumed to be the
name of a file containing commands, and the remaining
arguments are passed as positional parameters
for use with the commands that file contains.
- -i
-
If the
-i
option is present or
if the shell input and output are attached to a terminal,
this shell is
interactive.
In this case
TERMINATE
is ignored (so that
`kill 0'
does not kill an interactive shell) and
INTERRUPT
is caught and ignored (so that
wait
is interruptible).
In all cases,
QUIT
is ignored by the shell.
- -s
-
If the
-s
option is present or if no arguments remain
commands are read from the standard input.
Any remaining arguments specify the positional parameters.
Shell output (except for
Special Commands)
is written to file descriptor 2.
- -c string
-
If the
-c
option is present
commands are read from
string.
The remaining options and arguments are described under the
set
command, under
Special Commands,
below.
USAGE
Refer to
[a manual with the abbreviation DMBG]
for more information about using the shell as a programming
language.
Commands
A
simple command
is a sequence of nonblank
words
separated by
blanks.
The first word specifies the name of the command to
be executed. Except as specified below,
the remaining words are passed as arguments
to the invoked command.
The command name is passed as argument 0 (see
execve.2v
The
value
of a
simple command
is its exit status
if it terminates normally, or (octal)
200+status
if it terminates abnormally (see
sigvec.2
for a list of status values).
A
pipeline
is a sequence of one or more
commands
separated by
`|'
(or, for historical compatibility, by
`^').
The standard output of each command but the last
is connected by a
pipe
(see
pipe.2v
to the standard input of the next command.
Each command is run as a separate process;
the shell normally waits for the last command to terminate
before prompting for or accepting the next input line.
The exit status of a pipeline is the exit status of its last command.
A
list
is a sequence of one or more
simple commands
or pipelines, separated by
`;',
`&',
`&&',
or
`||',
and optionally terminated by
`;'
or
`&'.
Of these four symbols,
`;'
and
`&'
have equal precedence, which is lower than that of
`&&'
and
`||'.
The symbols
`&&'
and
`||'
also have equal precedence.
A semicolon
(;)
sequentially executes the preceding pipeline; an ampersand
(&)
asynchronously executes the preceding pipeline (the shell does
not
wait for that pipeline to finish). The symbols
&&
and
||
are used to indicate conditional execution of the list that follows.
With
&& ,
list
is executed only if the preceding pipeline (or
command) returns a zero exit status. With
||,
list
is executed only if the preceding pipeline (or
command) returns a nonzero exit status.
An arbitrary number of
NEWLINE
characters may appear in a
list,
instead of semicolons, to delimit commands.
A
command
is either a
simple command
or one of the following
constructions. Unless otherwise stated, the value returned by a
command is that of the last
simple command
executed in the construction.
- for name [ in word ... ]
do list done
-
Each time a
for
command is executed,
name
is set to the next
word
taken from the
in
word
list.
If
in word
...
is omitted, then the
for
command executes the
do
list
once for each positional parameter
that is set (see
Parameter Substitution
below).
Execution ends when there are no more words in the list.
- case word in
[pattern[
|
pattern] ...
)
list ;;
] ... esac
-
A
case
command executes the
list
associated with the first
pattern
that matches
word.
The form of the patterns is the same as that used for
filename generation (see
Filename Generation)
except that a slash, a leading dot, or a dot immediately
following a slash need not be matched explicitly.
- if list then list [
elif list then list ] ... [
else list ] fi
-
The
list
following
if
is executed and, if it returns a zero exit status, the
list
following the first
then
is executed. Otherwise, the
list
following
elif
is executed and, if its value is zero, the
list
following the next
then
is executed. Failing that, the
else
list
is executed. If no
else
list
or
then
list
is executed, then the
if
command returns a zero exit status.
- while list do list done
-
A
while
command repeatedly executes the
while
list
and, if the exit status of the last command in the list is zero, executes
the
do
list;
otherwise the loop terminates. If no commands in the
do
list
are executed, then the
while
command returns a zero exit status;
until
may be used in place of
while
to negate the loop termination test.
- (list)
-
Execute
list
in a subshell.
- {list;}
-
list
is simply executed.
- name () {list;}
-
Define a function which is referenced by
name.
The body of the function is the
list
of commands between
{ and }.
Execution of functions is described below (see
Execution).
The following words
are only recognized as the first word of a command and when not quoted:
-
if then else elif fi case esac for while until do done { }
Comments
A word beginning with
#
and all the following characters up to a
NEWLINE
are ignored.
Command Substitution
The shell reads commands from the string between two grave accents
(``)
and the standard output from these commands may
be used as all or part of a word. Trailing
NEWLINE
characters from the standard output are removed.
No interpretation is done on the string before the string is
read, except to remove backslashes
(\)
used to escape other characters. Backslashes
may be used to escape a grave accent
(`)
or another backslash
(\)
and are removed before the command string is read.
Escaping grave accents allows nested command substitution.
If the command substitution lies within a pair of double
quotes
(" ...` ...` ... "),
a backslash used to escape a double quote
(\")
will be removed; otherwise, it will be left intact.
If a backslash is used to escape a
NEWLINE
character
(\NEWLINE),
both the backslash and the
NEWLINE
are removed
(see
Quoting,
later).
In addition, backslashes used to escape dollar signs
(\$)
are removed.
Since no interpretation is done on the command string before
it is read, inserting a backslash to escape a dollar
sign has no effect.
Backslashes that precede characters other than
\,
`,
",
NEWLINE,
and
$
are left intact when the command string is read.
Parameter Substitution
The character
$
is used to introduce substitutable
parameters.
There are two types of parameters,
positional and keyword.
If
parameter
is a digit, it is a positional parameter.
Positional parameters may be assigned values by
set.
Keyword parameters (also known as variables)
may be assigned values by writing:
-
name=value
[
name=value
] ...
Pattern-matching is not performed on
value.
There cannot be a function and a variable with the same
name.
- ${parameter}
-
The value, if any, of the parameter is substituted.
The braces are required only when
parameter
is followed by a letter, digit, or underscore
that is not to be interpreted as part of its name.
If
parameter
is
`*'
or
`@',
all the positional
parameters, starting with
$1,
are substituted
(separated by
SPACE
characters).
Parameter
$0
is set from argument zero when the shell
is invoked.
If the colon
(:)
is omitted from the following expressions, the
shell only checks whether
parameter
is set or not.
- ${parameter:-word}
-
If
parameter
is set and is nonnull, substitute its value;
otherwise substitute
word.
- ${parameter:=word}
-
If
parameter
is not set or is null
set it to
word;
the value of the parameter is substituted.
Positional parameters may not be assigned to
in this way.
- ${parameter:?word}
-
If
parameter
is set and is nonnull, substitute its value;
otherwise, print
word
and exit from the shell.
If
word
is omitted, the message
`parameter null or not set'
is printed.
- ${parameter:+word}
-
If
parameter
is set and is nonnull, substitute
word;
otherwise substitute nothing.
In the above,
word
is not evaluated unless it is
to be used as the substituted string,
so that, in the following example,
pwd
is executed only if
d
is not set or is null:
-
echo ${d:-`pwd`}
The following parameters
are automatically set by the shell:
-
- #
-
The number of positional parameters in decimal.
- -
-
Flags supplied to the shell on invocation or by
the
set
command.
- ?
-
The decimal value returned by the last synchronously executed command.
- $
-
The process number of this shell.
- !
-
The process number of the last background command invoked.
The following parameters
are used by the shell:
-
- HOME
-
The default argument (home directory) for the
cd
command.
- PATH
-
The search path for commands (see
Execution
below).
- CDPATH
-
The search path for the
cd
command.
- MAIL
-
If this parameter is set to the name of a mail file
and
the
MAILPATH
parameter is not set, the shell informs the user of the arrival of mail
in the specified file.
- MAILCHECK
-
This parameter specifies how often
(in seconds) the shell
will check for the arrival of mail in the files specified by the
MAILPATH
or
MAIL
parameters.
The default value is 600 seconds (10 minutes).
If set to 0, the shell will check before each primary prompt.
- MAILPATH
-
A colon
(:)
separated list of filenames.
If this parameter is set, the shell informs the user of the arrival of mail
in any of the specified files.
Each filename can be followed by
%
and a message that will be printed when the
modification time changes.
The default message is
`you have mail'.
- PS1
-
Primary prompt string, by default
`$ '.
- PS2
-
Secondary prompt string, by default
`> '.
- IFS
-
Internal field separators, normally
SPACE,
TAB,
and
NEWLINE.
- SHELL
-
When the shell is invoked, it scans the environment (see
Environment
below) for this name.
The shell gives default values to
PATH,
PS1,
PS2,
MAILCHECK
and
IFS.
HOME
and
MAIL
are set by
login.1
Blank Interpretation
After parameter and command substitution,
the results of substitution are scanned for internal field separator
characters (those found in
IFS)
and split into distinct arguments where such characters are found.
Explicit null arguments ("" or '') are retained.
Implicit null arguments
(those resulting from
parameters
that have no values) are removed.
Input/Output
A command's input and output
may be redirected using a special notation interpreted by the shell.
The following may appear anywhere in a
simple command
or may precede or follow a
command
and are
not
passed on to the invoked command.
Note: parameter and command substitution occurs before
word
or
digit
is used.
- <word
-
Use file
word
as standard input (file descriptor 0).
- >word
-
Use file
word
as standard output (file descriptor 1).
If the file does not exist it is created;
otherwise, it is truncated to zero length.
- >>word
-
Use file
word
as standard output.
If the file exists output is appended to it (by first seeking to the
EOF);
otherwise, the file is created.
- <<[-]word
-
After parameter and command substitution is done on
word,
the shell input is read up to the first line that literally matches the resulting
word,
or to an
EOF.
If, however,
`-'
is appended to:
-
-
- leading
TAB
characters are stripped from
word
before the shell input is read
(but after parameter and command substitution is done on
word),
- leading
TAB
characters are stripped from
the shell input as it is read and before each line is compared with
word,
and
- shell input is read up to the first line that literally matches the resulting
word,
or to an
EOF.
If any character of
word
is quoted,
(see
Quoting,
later),
no additional processing is done to the shell input.
If no characters of
word
are quoted:
-
-
- parameter and command substitution occurs,
- (escaped)
\NEWLINE
is ignored, and
- `\'
must be used to quote the characters
`\',
`$',
and
``'.
The resulting document becomes
the standard input.
- <&digit
-
Use the file associated with file descriptor
digit
as standard input.
Similarly for the standard output using
>&digit.
- <&-
-
The standard input is closed.
Similarly for the standard output using
`>&-'.
If any of the above is preceded by a digit, the
file descriptor which will be associated with the file
is that specified
by the digit (instead of the default 0 or 1).
For example:
-
... 2>&1
associates file descriptor 2 with the file currently associated with
file descriptor 1.
The order in which redirections are specified is significant.
The shell evaluates redirections left-to-right.
For example:
-
... 1>xxx 2>&1
first associates file descriptor 1 with file
xxx.
It associates file descriptor 2 with the file associated with file
descriptor 1 (namely, file
xxx).
If the order of redirections were reversed, file descriptor 2 would be associated
with the terminal (assuming file descriptor 1 had been) and file descriptor
1 would be associated with file
xxx.
Using the terminology introduced on the first page, under
Commands,
if a
command
is composed of several
simple commands,
redirection will be evaluated for the entire
command
before it is evaluated for each
simple command.
That is, the shell evaluates redirection
for the entire
list,
then each
pipeline
within the
list,
then each
command
within each
pipeline,
then each
list
within each
command.
If a command is followed by
&
the default standard input
for the command
is the empty file
/dev/null.
Otherwise, the environment for the execution of a command contains the
file descriptors of the invoking shell as modified by
input/output specifications.
Filename Generation
Before a command is executed,
each command
word
is scanned for the characters
`*',
`?',
and
`['.
If one of these characters appears
the word is regarded as a
pattern.
The word is replaced with alphabetically sorted filenames that match the pattern.
If no filename is found that matches the pattern,
the word is left unchanged.
The character
`.'
at the start of a filename
or immediately following a
`/',
as well as the character
`/'
itself,
must be matched explicitly.
-
- *
-
Matches any string, including the null string.
- ?
-
Matches any single character.
- [...]
-
Matches any one of the enclosed characters.
A pair of characters separated by
`-'
matches any
character lexically between the pair, inclusive.
If the first character following the opening
[
is a
!
any character not enclosed is matched.
Quoting
The following characters have a special meaning to the shell
and cause termination of a word unless quoted:
-
; & ( ) | ^ < >
NEWLINES*
SPACES*
TABS*
A character may be
quoted
(made to stand for itself)
by preceding
it with a
backslash (\) or inserting it between a pair of quote marks
('' or "").
During processing,
the shell may quote certain characters to prevent them from taking on
a special meaning.
Backslashes used to quote a single character are removed from the word before
the command is executed.
The pair
\NEWLINE
is removed from a word before command and parameter substitution.
All characters enclosed between a pair of single quote marks (''),
except a single quote,
are quoted by the shell.
Backslash has no special meaning inside a pair of single quotes.
A single quote may be quoted inside a pair of double quote marks
(for example, "'").
Inside a pair of double quote marks
(""),
parameter and command substitution occurs and
the shell quotes the results to avoid blank interpretation and file name
generation.
If
$*
is within a pair of double quotes,
the positional parameters are substituted and quoted,
separated by quoted spaces
("$1 $2 ...");
however,
if
$@
is within a pair of double quotes,
the positional parameters are substituted and quoted,
separated by unquoted spaces
("$1"
"$2"
... ).
\
quotes the characters
\,
`,
",
and
$.
The pair
\NEWLINE
is removed before parameter and command substitution.
If a backslash precedes characters other than
\,
`,
",
$,
and
NEWLINE,
then the backslash itself is quoted by the shell.
Prompting
When used interactively,
the shell prompts with the value of
PS1
before reading a command.
If at any time a
RETURN
is typed and further input is needed
to complete a command, the secondary prompt
(the value of
PS2)
is issued.
Environment
The
environment
(see
environ.5v
is a list of name-value pairs that is passed to
an executed program in the same way as a normal argument list.
The shell interacts with the environment in several ways.
On invocation, the shell scans the environment
and creates a parameter for each name found,
giving it the corresponding value.
If the user modifies the value of any of these parameters
or creates new parameters,
none of these affects the environment
unless the
export
command is used to bind the shell's
parameter to the environment (see also
`set -a').
A parameter may be removed from the environment
with the
unset
command.
The environment seen by any executed command is thus composed
of any unmodified name-value pairs originally inherited by the shell,
minus any pairs removed by
unset,
plus any modifications or additions,
all of which must be noted in
export
commands.
The environment for any
simple command
may be augmented by prefixing it with one or more assignments to
parameters.
Thus:
TERM=450cmd
and
(export TERM; TERM=450;cmd)
are equivalent (as far as the execution of
cmd
is concerned).
If the
-k
option is set,
all
keyword arguments are placed in the environment,
even if they occur after the command name.
The following
first prints
a=b c
and
c:
-
echo a=b c
set -k
echo a=b c
Signals
The
INTERRUPT
and
QUIT
signals for an invoked
command are ignored if the command is followed by
&;
otherwise signals have the values
inherited by the shell from its parent
(but see also
the
trap
command below).
INTERRUPT
is handled asynchronously.
Execution
Each time a command is executed, the above substitutions are
carried out.
If the command name matches one of the
Special Commands
listed below, it is executed in the shell process.
If the command name does not match a
Special Command,
but matches the name of a defined function, the function is executed
in the shell process
(note how this differs from the execution of shell procedures).
The positional parameters
$1,
$2,
....
are set to the arguments of the function.
If the command name matches neither a
Special Command
nor the name of a defined function,
a new process is created and an attempt is made to
execute the command using
execve.2v
The shell parameter
PATH
defines the search path for
the directory containing the command.
Alternative directory names are separated by
a colon
(:).
The default path is
:/usr/ucb:/bin:/usr/bin
(specifying
/usr/ucb,
/bin,
and
/usr/bin,
in addition to the current directory).
Directories are searched in order. The
current directory is specified by a null path name,
which can appear immediately after the equal sign
(PATH=:...),
between the colon delimiters
(...::...)
anywhere else in the path list,
or at the end of the path list
(...:).
If the command name contains a
/
the search path is not used.
Otherwise, each directory in the path is searched for an executable
file. If the file has execute permission but is not an
binary executable (see
a.out.5
for details) or an executable script (with a first line beginning
with
#!)
it is assumed to be a file containing shell commands,
and a subshell is spawned to read it.
A parenthesized command is also executed in
a subshell.
The location in the search path where a command was found is remembered by the
shell
(to help avoid unnecessary
execs
later).
If the command was found in a relative directory, its location must be
re-determined whenever the current directory changes.
The shell forgets all remembered locations whenever the
PATH
variable is changed or the
`hash -r'
command is executed (see below).
Special Commands
Input/output redirection is now permitted for these commands.
File descriptor 1 is the default output location.
- :
-
No effect; the command does nothing. A zero exit code is returned.
- . filename
-
Read and execute commands from
filename
and return. The search path specified by
PATH
is used to find the directory containing
filename.
- break [ n ]
-
Exit from the enclosing
for
or
while
loop, if any. If
n
is specified break
n
levels.
- continue [ n ]
-
Resume the next iteration of the enclosing
for
or
while
loop.
If
n
is specified resume at the
n'th
enclosing loop.
- cd[ arg ]
-
Change the current directory to
argument.
The shell
parameter
HOME
is the default
argument.
The shell parameter
CDPATH
defines the search path for
the directory containing
argument.
Alternative directory names are separated by
a colon
(:).
The default path is
NULL
(specifying the current directory).
Note: the current directory is specified by a null path name,
which can appear immediately after the equal sign
or between the colon delimiters anywhere else in the path list.
If
argument
begins with a
/
the search path is not used.
Otherwise, each directory in the path is
searched for
argument.
- echo [ argument ... ]
-
Echo arguments. See
echo.1v
for usage and description.
- eval [ argument ... ]
-
The arguments are read as input to the shell
and the resulting command(s) executed.
- exec [ argument ... ]
-
The command specified by
the arguments is executed in place of this shell
without creating a new process.
Input/output arguments may appear and, if no other
arguments are given, modify the shell's
input/output.
- exit [ n ]
-
Exit a shell with the exit status specified by
n.
If
n
is omitted the exit status is that of the last command executed
(an
EOF
will also cause the shell to exit.)
- export [ name ... ]
-
The given
names
are marked
for automatic export to the
environment
of subsequently-executed commands.
If no arguments are given,
variable names that have been marked for export during the current shell's execution
are listed.
(Variable names exported from a parent shell are listed only if they
have been exported again during the current shell's execution.)
Function names are
not
exported.
- getopts
-
Use in shell scripts to
parse positional parameters and check for legal options.
See
getopts.1
for usage and description.
- hash [ -r ] [ name ... ]
-
For each
name,
the location in the search path of the command specified by
name
is determined and remembered by the shell.
The
-r
option causes the shell to forget all remembered locations.
If no arguments are given, information about remembered commands is
presented.
hits
is the number of times a command has been invoked by the shell process.
cost
is a measure of the work required to locate a
command in the search path.
If a command is found in a ``relative'' directory in the search path,
after changing to that directory,
the stored location
of that command is recalculated.
Commands for which this will be done are indicated by an asterisk (*)
adjacent to the
hits
information.
cost
will be incremented when the recalculation is done.
- login [ argument ... ]
-
Equivalent to
`exec login argument....'
See
login.1
for usage and description.
- newgrp [ argument ... ]
-
Equivalent to
`exec newgrp argument....'
See
newgrp.1
for usage and description.
- pwd
-
Print the current working directory.
See
pwd.1
for usage and description.
- read [ name ... ]
-
One line is read from the standard input and,
using the internal field separator,
IFS
(normally a
SPACE
or
TAB
character),
to delimit word boundaries, the first
word is assigned to the first
name,
the second word
to the second
name,
etc., with leftover words assigned to the last
name.
Lines can be continued using
\NEWLINE.
Characters other than
NEWLINE
can be quoted by preceding them with a backslash.
These backslashes are removed before words are assigned to
names,
and no interpretation is done on the character that follows the backslash.
The return code is
0
unless an
EOF
is encountered.
- readonly [ name ... ]
-
The given
names
are marked
readonly
and the values of the these
names
may not be changed by subsequent assignment.
If no arguments are given, a list of all
readonly
names is printed.
- return [ n ]
-
Exit a function with the return value specified by
n.
If
n
is omitted, the return status is that of the last command executed.
- set [ -aefhkntuvx- [ argument ... ] ]
-
-
- -a
-
Mark variables which are modified or created for export.
- -e
-
Exit immediately if a command
exits with a nonzero exit status.
- -f
-
Disable filename generation.
- -h
-
Locate and remember function commands as functions are defined
(function commands are normally located when the function is executed).
- -k
-
All keyword arguments are placed in the environment for a command,
not just those that precede the command name.
- -n
-
Read commands but do not execute them.
- -t
-
Exit after reading and executing one command.
- -u
-
Treat unset variables as an error when substituting.
- -v
-
Print shell input lines as they are read.
- -x
-
Print commands and their arguments as they are executed.
- --
-
Do not change any of the options; useful in setting
$1
to
`-'.
Using
`+'
rather than
`-'
turns off these options.
These options can also be used upon invocation of the shell.
The current set of options may be found in
`$-'.
The remaining arguments are positional
parameters and are assigned, in order, to
$1,
$2,
and so on. If no arguments are given, the values
of all names are printed.
- shift [ n ]
-
The positional parameters are shifted to the left, from position
n+1
to position 1, and so on. Previous values for
$1
through
$n
are discarded.
If
n
is not given, it is assumed to be 1.
- test
-
Evaluate conditional expressions. See
test.1v
for usage and description.
- times
-
Print the accumulated user and system times for processes
run from the shell.
- trap [ arg ] [ n ] ...
-
The command
arg
is to be read and executed when the shell
receives signal(s)
n.
(Note:
arg
is scanned once when
the trap is set and once when the trap
is taken.)
Trap commands are executed in order of signal number.
Any attempt to set a trap on a signal that
was ignored on entry to the current shell
is ineffective.
If
arg
is absent all trap(s)
n
are reset to their original values.
If
arg
is the null
string this signal is ignored by the shell and by the commands
it invokes.
If
n
is 0 the command
arg
is executed
on exit from the shell.
The
trap
command
with no arguments prints a list
of commands associated with each signal number.
- type [ name ... ]
-
For each
name,
indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a command name.
- umask [ ooo ]
-
The user file-creation mode mask is set to
ooo
(see
csh.1
The three octal digits refer to read/write/execute permissions for
owner,
group,
and
others,
respectively.
The value of each specified digit is subtracted from the corresponding
``digit'' specified by the system for the creation of a file. For example,
umask 022
removes
group
and
others
write permission (files normally created with mode
777
become mode
755;
files created with mode
666
become mode
644).
The current value of the mask is printed if
ooo
is omitted.
- unset [ name ... ]
-
For each
name,
remove the corresponding variable or function.
The variables
PATH,
PS1,
PS2,
MAILCHECK
and
IFS
cannot be unset.
- wait [ n ]
-
Wait for the background process whose process
ID
is
n
and report its termination status.
If
n
is omitted,
all the shell's currently active background processes are waited for
and the return code will be zero.
EXIT STATUS
Errors detected by the shell, such as syntax errors,
return a nonzero exit status.
If the shell is being used noninteractively
execution of the shell file is abandoned.
Otherwise, the shell returns the exit status of
the last command executed (see also the
exit
command above).
ENVIRONMENT
The environment variables
LC_CTYPE,
LANG,
and
LC_default
control the character classification
throughout
all command line parsing.
These variables are checked in the
following order:
LC_CTYPE,
LANG,
and
LC_default.
When a valid value is found,
remaining environment variables for character classification
are ignored.
For example, a new setting for
LANG
does not override the current valid character
classification rules of
LC_CTYPE.
When none of the values is valid,
the shell character
classification defaults to the
POSIX.1 ``C''
locale.
FILES
- /etc/profile
-
- $HOME/.profile
-
- /tmp/sh*
-
- /dev/null
-
- /usr/lib/rsh
-
SEE ALSO
cd.1
csh.1
echo.1v
env.1
getopts.1
login.1
newgrp.1
pwd.1
test.1v
wait.1
dup.2v
execve.2v
fork.2v
pipe.2v
sigvec.2
wait.2v
execl.3v
a.out.5
environ.5v
locale.5
[a manual with the abbreviation DMBG]
WARNINGS
Words used for filenames in input/output redirection
are not interpreted for filename generation
(see
File Name Generation,
above).
For example,
`cat file1 > a*'
will create a file named
`a*'.
Because commands in pipelines are run as separate processes,
variables set in a pipeline have no effect on the parent shell.
If you get the error message
`cannot fork, too many processes',
try using the
wait.1
command to clean up your background processes.
If this does not help,
the system process table is probably full or you have too many active
foreground processes.
There is a limit to the number of process
IDs
associated with your login,
and to the number the system can keep track of.
BUGS
If a command is executed, and a command with the same name is installed
in a directory in the search path before the directory where the
original command was found, the shell will continue to
exec
the original command. Use the
hash
command to correct this situation.
If you move the current directory or one above it,
pwd
may not give the correct response. Use the
cd
command with a full path name to correct this situation.
Not all the processes of a 3- or more-stage
pipeline are children of the shell, and
thus cannot be waited for.
For
wait
n,
if
n
is not an active process
ID,
all the shell's currently active background processes are waited for
and the return code will be zero.
Created by unroff & hp-tools.
© somebody (See intro for details). All Rights Reserved.
Last modified 11/5/97